Das Logistik-Glossar
Capacity comparison
Capacity requirements planning
Carriage and insurance paid to
Carriage paid to
Carta de Corrección
Cash on delivery
CEP services
Certificate of origin
CFR
Chaotic storage
CIF
CIP
Circulatory flow management
City logistics
CKD
Clean report of findings
CMR
CMT
Collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment
Combined transport
Combined transport operator
Commercial invoice
Compact rack
Completely knocked down
Consolidation
Consular invoice
Container
Container transport
Continuous conveyor
Continuous replenishment program
Contract logistics
Contracting carrier
Control tower
Corridor
Cost and freight
Cost, insurance and freight
Courier service
Courier, express and parcel services
Covered freight car
CPT
Crane
CRM
Cross docking
CRP
CTO
C-TPAT
Curbside
Customer relationship management
Customer-specific productive goods
Customs broker services
Customs invoice
Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism
Cut, make, trim
Cycle time
Carriage and insurance paid to
The supplier concludes a transport contract in order to have the goods shipped to the harbor desig-nated by the customer. But he does not assume the risk associated with the loss of or damage to the goods after they have been turned over to the carrier who will take them to the designated destination. The supplier is required to take out a minimum insurance policy for the transport. CIP is an incoterm and applies to all means of transport.
Carriage paid to
The supplier concludes a transport contract in order to have the goods shipped to a harbor designated by the customer. But he does not assume the risk associated with the loss of or damage to the goods after they have been turned over to the carrier who will take them to the designated location. CPT is an incoterm and applies to all means of transport.
Certificate of origin
The certificate of origin is a document in which the origin of goods is certified or attested to. It is required by some countries to attest to the source of the product components. It is used for statistical studies or for valuation reasons. A standard form of certificates of origin has been agreed on by members of the European Union (customs code).
Chaotic storage
In chaotic storage, load units are arbitrarily assigned to any area. This form of storage enables utilization of storage capacity to be increased, an important factor when demand strongly fluctuates. A basic requirement for chaotic storage is an electronic warehouse-assignment operation run by a computer system.
Clean report of findings
The clean report of findings is used for security purposes. It certifies that the delivery matches the order in terms of quality, amount, composition, price and outer appearance. Its use grows out of the abstract nature of letter-of-credit transactions that are based purely on documentary references and are separate from the underlying product transactions.
Collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment
The objective of CPFR is to prevent supply shortfalls and unnecessarily high inventories. This is undertaken in cross-company planning, forecasts and management of goods flows and inventories. Cooperation among companies goes a step further than in efficient consumer response.
Combined transport
Also: inter-modal transport
In combined transport, goods are transported on a route by various means of conveyance. Special forms of combined transports include container and piggyback transport and the roll-on, roll-off process (road/rail + ship). In these variations, the complete vehicle or parts of the means of transport (container, swap body) are loaded onto other means of transport and shipped.
Commercial invoice
The commercial invoice is generally used in international trade. It contains all details about a shipment: the name and address of the recipient (buyer), the exact description of the goods, weight information (gross and net) and the price (unit price and total price). The commercial invoice can also serve as a declaration of origin for preferential goods.
The commercial invoice must also contain information about delivery conditions, labeling (identification and number of bundles, boxes, etc.), the name of the ship or the number of the rail car if the product is being shipped by train. The invoice should show the agreed-upon conditions of payment and frequently includes the import-license number of the buyer, as far as required by currency regulations of the buyer’s country. Finally, the invoice should bear the seller’s legally binding signature. Frequently, the commercial invoice is required for customs settlement at the destination.
Compact rack
In compact racks, stored goods and racks are moved together. As a result, a very high utilization rate of surface and space is achieved. Access is not particularly good because of the high manipulation times resulting from the technical arrangement. For this reason, this form of racking is only suited for goods that have low transshipping frequencies. Compact racks include push-back racks and storage carousels.
Completely knocked down
CKD is a term used in outbound logistics and refers to the total segmentation of a product. This is done in the originating country before the shipment is sent to another country. It also involves assembly in the destination country. CKD is widely used in the transport of vehicles. It enables companies to avoid paying high import duties on complete vehicles.
Consolidation
Generally speaking, consolidation means bundling. Logistics draws a distinction between two types of consolidation: temporal and spatial consolidation. In both cases, the objective is to perform the handling of goods and their transport in the most efficient manner possible. In temporal consolidation and/or inventory consolidation, goods are bundled at the dispatching point through decisions that include delaying the delivery. The aim of such decisions is to improve the utilization of transport capacity.
In spatial consolidation, the goal is to bundle transport flows. This can mean not only bringing goods from a sender or supplier to a recipient during a run but also stopping at several pick-up and drop-off stations along the way.
Consular invoice
The consular invoice is a list of goods and their trade names according to regulations of the importing country, their individual weight and the invoice totals that also appear on the commercial invoice. It is used exclusively in ship transports. Special forms are used for the consular invoice. They must be filled out in a specified language and presented to the consulate of the importing country for certification (generally at the loading harbor).
Although the signatories of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have been saying for years that consular invoices are an unnecessary formality that should be eliminated completely, a number of countries (particularly in Central and South America) still use them. But the number of countries is falling steadily.
Container
In logistics, containers are lockable, standardized large units of more than three cubic meters and have a loading capacity of more than five tons. They are used to transport various cargoes, including freight, refrigerated products and bulk goods. But they are also suitable for tank cargo. Their designation and equipment vary according to the type of usage. Some are called inland, disposal, ISO and air-freight containers.
Continuous conveyor
Continuous conveyors are means of transport with which goods are moved in a horizontal, vertical or inclined direction on a pre-determined way that generally does not vary. Continuous conveyors can be either overhead (load handling is done through a roof unit in the warehouse) and floorborne (load handling is done through a floor unit in the warehouse).
Contract logistics
Contract logistics involves the organization of product flows, storage, transport and information transmission. A logistician assumes these responsibilities for companies that need these services but cannot or do not want to perform them. Generally, the working relationship between contract logistics providers and their customers is based on long-term contracts. This results in so-called symbiotic relationships – both contract partners rely heavily on each other.
The aim of contract logistics includes improved efficiency for the customer, who can save on administrative structures and concentrate on his core skills.
Corridor
Also: transport corridor
Corridors are main transport axes. A distinction can be drawn between national and international corridors.
To complement trans-European transport corridors for western Europe, the European Conference of Ministers of Transport has created pan-European transport corridors. These 10 main transport axes connect Europe from the Atlantic to the Volga and from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean.
Cost and freight
The supplier concludes a transport contract in order to have the goods shipped to the harbor designated by the customer. But he does not assume the risk associated with the loss of or damage to the goods after they pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment. CFR is an incoterm und applies to seagoing and inland waterway transports.
Cost, insurance and freight
The supplier concludes a transport contract in order to have the goods shipped to the harbor designated by the customer. But he does not assume the risk associated with the loss of or damage to the goods after they pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment. The supplier is required, however, to take out a minimum sea-transport insurance policy. CIF is an incoterm and applies to seagoing and inland waterway transports.
Courier service
Courier services transport spontaneous shipments. Typical characteristics of this business include permanent personal monitoring of the shipment and the related opportunity for the courier to access the shipment at any time in order to make it available. Another feature is that individual documentary shipments can be made.
Courier, express and parcel services
Courier, express and parcel (CEP) service providers usually transport relatively light shipments (up to 31.5 kilograms) and volumes, including mail, parcels and documents. These service providers are generally very reliable and particularly fast. They frequently offer additional services like same-day delivery or overnight delivery.
Customs invoice
The customs invoice has basically the same features as the consular invoice. But a consulate is not required to legalize it. In many cases, though, the signature of the exporter must be authenticated by a witness. Customs invoices are primarily required for exports to countries that belong or did belong to the British Commonwealth (with the exception of Great Britain). In these countries, the invoices are called “combined certificate of value and of origin” or “special customs invoice.”
Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism
The C-TPAT was introduced by U.S. customs officials after the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001. It is designed to combat international terrorism by providing increased security along the entire supply chain of U.S. trade. In principle, every company that has anything to do with transport or logistics can join the partnership. The companies assure U.S. customs officials that they will comply with strengthened, contractually regulated rules and security standards. In return, officials offer, among other things, faster customs clearance and specially assigned customs agents.
